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Phyllonorycter malella
The Apple Tentiform Leafminer (''Phyllonorycter malella'') is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is known from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Altai), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.〔(Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) )〕
The larvae feed on ''Cotoneaster hissarica'', ''Crataegus'' species (including ''Crataegus hissarica''), ''Cydonia'' species (including ''Cydonia oblonga''), ''Malus'' species (including ''Malus domestica'', ''Malus pumila'' and ''Malus sieversii'') and ''Pyrus communis''. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the underside of the leaf. The lower epidermis has many longitudinal folds.
Larval behaviour in using leaf vibration to avoid parasitism has been studied. The larvae use the vibrations to avoid the ovipositor of its parasitoid ''Sympiesis sericeicornis'' that is ejected into the mine.〔(Leaf Vibrations and Air Movements in a Leafminer–Parasitoid System )〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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